Automatic Rib Detection in Chest Radiographs

نویسندگان

  • C. M. Brace
  • J. H. Kulick
  • T. W. Challis
چکیده

T h i s pape r p r e s e n t s a n o v e r v i e w o f a n a l g o r i t h m f o r r i b d e t e c t i o n i n c h e s t x r a y s . The g o a l o f t h e a l g o r i t h m i s t o r e t u r n t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e b o r d e r s o f t h e r i b s t o a s c r e e n i n g sys tem t o e n a b l e i n t e r c o s t a l spaces t o b e e x t r a c t e d and a n a l y s e d . The d e t e c t i o n o f o b j e c t s i n p i c t u r e s can u s u a l l y b e s e p a r a t e d i n t o two s t e p s : image e n h a n c e ment and f e a t u r e e x t r a c t i o n . The amount o f comput a t i o n r e q u i r e d b y o u r a l g o r i t h m i s m i n i m i z e d b y p r o c e s s i n g o n l y t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h i s r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e t h e g o a l o f t h e a l g o r i t h m , and b y u s i n g knowledge o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e r i b cage t o ? i d e t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f t h e r i b b o r d e r s . I n p a r i c u l a r , s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n c o m p u t a t i o n i s a c h i e v e d b y a v o i d i n g t h e enhancement o f t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e . I n a d d i t i o n , n o t a l l p o i n t s i n t h e image need b e c o n s i d e r e d a s p o s s i b l e r i b b o r d e r p o i n t s , n o r d o a l l p o i n t s o n each r i b b o r d e r need b e d e t e c t e d . T h e r i b b o r d e r s a r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c r e e n i n g sys tem as second d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l s . R e s u l t s o r t e s t i n g t h e a l g o r i t h m f o r a s e t o f c h e s t r a d i o g r a p h s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y s u p e r i m p o s i n g t h e d e t e c t e d r i b b o r d e r s o n t o t h e X r a y i m a g e s . 1-1 P r e v i o u s Work The e x i s t i n g a l g o r i t h m s f o r a u t o m a t i c r i b d e t e c t i o n b y T o r i w a k i ( T o r 7 3 A ) . Wechs le r (Wec-75A, Wec-75B) and Persoon ( P e r 7 5 ) have a l l t a k e n t h e a p p r o a c h o f f i r s t p r e p r o c e s s i n g t h e e n t i r e image b y g l o b a l o p e r a t i o n s t o enhance i t and t h e n f i n d i n g a l l t h e p o i n t s o n each r i b b o r d e r . I f t h e s e a l g o r i t h m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y , i t becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t much o f t h e c o m p u t a t i o n done b y t h e s e t h r e e methods i s n o t n e c e s s a r y . I n a l l t h r e e a l g o r i t h m s , e v e r y p o i n t o n each r i b b o r d e r i s , a t s o m e t i m e , l o c a t e d . A s each b o r d e r i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a low o r d e r p o l y n o m i a l , o n l y a s m a l l number o f p o i n t s need be l o c a t e d on each c u r v e . F u r t h e r m o r e , p e r f o r m i n g a n o p e r a t i o n o n t h e who le p i c t u r e o r c o n s i d e r i n g a l l p o i n t s a s e q u a l c a n d i d a t e s f o r r i b b o r d e r s i s b o t h u n n e c e s s a r y and e x p e n s i v e . 2 1 O v e r v i e w o f t h e A l g o r i t h m D e t e c t i o n o f t h e r i b b o r d e r s p r o c e d e s s e p a r a t e l y f o r each l u n g . T h e i n i t i a l s t e p l o c a t e s t h e l o w e r b o r d e r o f two a d j a c e n t r i b s i n t h e uppe r m i d d l e p o r t i o n o f t h e l u n g f i e l d ; t h e a v e r age w i d t h o f one o f t h e s e s t a r t i n g r i b s i s a l s o c a l c u l a t e d . The n e x t s t e p s e l e c t s v e r t i c a l s l i c e s t h r o u g h t h e l u n g f i e l d , enchances t h e m , and d e t e c t s r i b b o r d e r p o i n t s . The l o c a t i o n o f t h e two s t a r t i n g r i b s and t h e a v e r a g e r i b w i d t h i s used t o g u i d e t h e s e a r c h o n each s l i c e f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g r i b s . When b o r d e r p o i n t s have been d e t e c t e d o n a l l s l i c e s , t h e y a r e l i n k e d t o g e t h e r t o f o r m a s e t o f p o i n t s f o r each r i b b o r d e r . F i n a l l y , second d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l s a r e f i t t e d t o each b o r d e r . 2 2 D e t e c t i n , o f t h e . S t a r t i n g R i b s , I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e c a n d i d a t e a r e a s f o r t h e T h i s work has been supported by Medicrch C o u n c i l o f Canada g r a n t MA5614. and b y N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l o f Canada g r a n t A9279. d e t e c t i o n o f a l l t h e r i b b o r d e r s o n each s l i c e , two q u a n t i t i e s a r e r e q u i r e d : 1 ) t h e d i s t a n c e between two a d j a c e n t r i b s and 2 ) t h e ave rage w i d t h Q f one o f t h e s e r i b s . A n e x t e n s i v e s e a r c h f o r t h e s t a r t i n g r i b s i s n e c e s s a r y because 1 ) t h e s t a r t i n g r i b s must be a c c u r a t e l y f ound i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e a r e a s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g r i b s , and 2 ) t h e r e i s n o p r i o r knowledge abou t t h e i r e x p e c t e d p o s i t i o n s o r w i d t h t o g u i d e t h e s e a r c h . T h e d e t e c t i o n o f t h e s t a r t i n g r i b s p roceeds i n t h e f o l l o w i n g 5 s t e p s : i ) The Area o f Sea rch I s S e l e c t e d A s e c t i o n o f t h e image i s chosen w h i c h l i e s midway i n t h e l u n g f i e l d between t h e b o t t o m and t h e t o p o f t h e l u n g . T h e s e c t i o n i s 128 co lumns w i d e and 64 rows h i g h ( t h e o r i g i n a l image i s 2 5 6 x 2 5 6 ) : t h i s c o v e r s a n a rea o f t h e image " f r o m t h e m e d i a s t i n u m t o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e t h o r a x and i s l a r g e enough t o i n c l u d e a t l e a s t two c o m p l e t e r i b i m a g e s . i i ) The S e l e c t e d Area I s P r e p r o c e s s e d T h e s e l e c t e d r e g i o n i s p r e p r o c e s s e d u s i n g h y s t e r e s i s s m o o t h i n g ( D u d 7 4 ) . T h e s m o o t h i n g w i n dow h e i g h t i s chosen d y n a m i c a l l y v i a a n a n a l y s i s o f a g r e y l e v e l d i s t a n c e h i s t o g r a m . i i i ) D e t e c t i o n o f P o s s i b l e R ib B o r d e r s A f u n c i o n , MRIB, i s a p p l i e d t o each o f t h e smoothed c o l u m n s . MRIB measures t h e amount a g i v e n i n t e r v a l o n a s l i c e c o r r e s p o n d s t o a r i b i m a g e , b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a v e r a g e g r e y l e v e l w i t h i n a n i n t e r v a l w i t h t h a t o u t s i d e t h e i n t e r v a l . MRIB i s a p p l i e d u s i n g a r ange o f p o t e n t i a l s t a r t i n g p o i n t s and r i b w i d t h s . E s s e n t i a l l y MRIB behaves l i k e a c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n . iv.) L i n k i n g Two Se ts of B o r d e r P o i n t s T h e number o f p o s s i b l e b o r d e r p o i n t s o c c u r r i n g a t each o f t h e 6 4 rows o f t h e s e c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d , Two o f t h e r o w s , R1 and R2, a r e s e l e c t e d a s t h e rows c o n t a i n i n g t h e l a r g e s t number o f p o s s i b l e b o r d e r p o i n t s p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e s e rows a r e be tween 10 and 30 rows a p a r t . R1 and R2 a re a s sumed t o o c c u r a t t h e peaks i n t h e c u r v e s o f two a d j a c e n t r i b s . Two s e t s o f p o i n t s a r e fo rmed a s t h e l o w e r b o r d e r p o i n t s o f t h e two r i b s . The f i r s t p o i n t s e n t e r e d i n each s e t s a r e t h o s e p o s s i b l e b o r d e r p o i n t s i n smoothed co lumns w h i c h a r e c l o s e s t t o R 1 and R2, r e s p e c t i v e l y , T h e r e m a i n i n g p o i n t s i n t h e s e t s a r e s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e p o s s i b l e b o r d e r p o i n t s i n co lumns t h a t a r e c l o s e s t t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y s e l e c t e d p o i n t s . v) C a l c u l a t i o n of t t ig. Average R ib W i d t h The s e t o f most l i k e l y w i d t h s o f r i b s i s a v e r a g e d t o o b t a i n t h e w i d t h o f one o f t h e s t a r t i n g r i b s . 2rl D e t e c t i o n o f O t h e r R ibs The o t h e r r i b s a r e d e t e c t e d b y s e a r c h i n g above o r be low a l r e a d y known r i b b o r d e r s i n a n a r e a i n w h i c h t h e n e x t r i b i s e x p e c t e d t o b e l o c a t e d . R e l a t i o n s h i p s between i n t e r r i b s p a c i n g s have been d e m o n s t r a t e d by Persoon ( P e r 7 5 ) , and v e r i f i e d b y u s . The r i b b o r d e r p o i n t s a r e f o u n d o n a number o f v e r t i c a l s l i c e s t h r o u g h t h e l u n g f i e l d s . The s l i c e s a r e spaced s e v e r a l co lumns a p a r t a s n o t a l l p o i n t s o n t h e r i b b o r d e r a r e V i s i o n 8 : B r a c e

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تاریخ انتشار 1977